How does old age affect drug distribution?

In general drug absorption, distribution in the body, activity, metabolism and excretion can all change as a result of ageing. The older person is more likely to experience side effects as well as experiencing difficulty in swallowing their medication.

What is the mechanism of action of antiemetic?

The mechanism of action is to block serotonin from interacting with the 5-HT3 receptor. Of these, ondansetron and granisetron are the most frequently encountered. Intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) preparations are available. Side effects include headache, dizziness, and constipation.

What is the most common adverse reaction in patients receiving an antiemetic?

Antiemetic medication They are often used to treat nausea or vomiting symptoms caused by motion sickness or infection. Common side effects can include: dry mouth. fatigue.

Why are drug doses decreased for elderly patients?

The metabolism and excretion of many drugs decrease, requiring that doses of some drugs be decreased. Toxicity may develop slowly because concentrations of chronically used drugs increase for 5 to 6 half-lives, until a steady state is achieved.

What are the natural aging process related to liver function?

Aging-related changes in liver cells include volume changes, polyploidy (polyploidy nuclei), accumulation of dense bodies (lipofuscin) inside liver cells, a decreased area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and a declining number and dysfunction of mitochondria [4].

What are the pharmacodynamics changes that occur in elderly persons?

Results: Older adults frequently demonstrate an exaggerated response to CNS-active drugs. This is in part due to an underlying age-related decline in CNS function and in part due to increased pharmacodynamic sensitivity for some benzodiazepines, anesthetics, and opioids.

What are the indications for an antiemetic?

Indications

• Nonspecific nausea and vomiting.
• Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
• Vertigo. (e.g., vestibular neuritis. , Ménière’s disease. )
• Motion sickness.
• Gastrointestinal motility disorder (e.g., due to diabetic. gastroparesis. )
• Postoperative nausea and vomiting.

What is the strongest antiemetic?

Triple therapy comprising palonosetron, aprepitant and dexamethasone seems to be the strongest antiemetic treatment.

What are the adverse effects of antiemetic therapy?

Antiemetics are generally well-tolerated, but can have potential side effects, such as constipation or diarrhea, headache, fatigue, malaise, dizziness, light-headedness, blurred vision, dry mouth, or photosensitivity.

How can I improve my liver function in the elderly?

5 Ways Seniors Can Preserve Their Liver Health

1. Eat to Prevent Gallstones. With age comes decreased bile production in the liver, increasing the likelihood of gallstones.
2. Lose Weight Gradually.
3. Limit Alcohol Consumption.
4. Evaluate Medications.
5. Schedule Regular Medical Checkups.

Can 80 liver damage be repaired?

Also, the liver can function normally even when about 80% of it is damaged. However, if people continue to drink alcohol, liver damage progresses and may eventually result in death. If people stop drinking, some damage may be reversed. Such people are likely to live longer.

How does pharmacokinetics affect the treatment of elderly patients?

Summary • changes in the physiology of the elderly dictate responses to drug therapy • pharmacokinetic changes affect the effective concentration of drug in the body • pharmacodynamic changes affect the body’s response to the drug therapy • adverse drug reactions are more common in the elderly and can be avoided with better primary care

Why are elderly more at risk for adverse drug reactions?

Adverse Drug Reactions The elderly are 2-3 times more at risk for adverse drug reactions due to: 1. reduced stature 2. reduced renal and hepatic functions 3. cumulative insults to the body (eg., disease, diet, drug abuse) 4. multiple and potent medications 5. altered pharmacokinetics 6. noncompliance ADR: Anticoagulants

Are there any anti inflammatory drugs for the elderly?

• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs are frequently prescribed in the elderly patients • pronounced adverse gastrointestinal side effects • other adverse drug reactions in the kidney and CNS have also been associated with chronic NSAID therapy in the elderly • Alternate therapies:

How are antiemetics used in the central nervous system?

Antiemetics frequently are used to treat nausea induced by vestibular or central nervous system causes. Unlike other forms of nausea, which tend to be mediated by dopamine and serotonin, vestibular system–induced nausea is mediated primarily by histamine and acetylcholine (Table 3).